Tamil language analysis (LADO): Sri Lanka, India and regional Tamil

Language analysis by language

Pages for languages and dialects we are often asked to analyse, and for clients in particular countries.

• Af-May (Maay) LADO

  Maay language analysis for people from the inter-riverine south of Somalia, kept apart from Northern and Benadir Somali.

• Albanian LADO

  Albanian LADO reports that read Gheg and Tosk features to assess origin in Albania, Kosovo, North Macedonia or Montenegro.

• Amharic LADO

  Amharic language analysis for Ethiopian claims, including speakers who learnt Amharic as a second language.

• Arabic LADO

  Arabic LADO by dialect specialists, from Morocco and Sudan to Syria, Iraq, the Gulf and Yemen.

• Bengali LADO

  Bengali (Bangla) LADO weighing Bangladeshi against Indian usage and regional speech from Sylhet to Chattogram.

• Burmese LADO

  Burmese LADO that separates Irrawaddy valley speech, Rakhine and Tavoyan features, and Burmese learned as a second language.

• Dari and Hazaragi LADO

  Dari and Hazaragi LADO for Afghans and Hazaras raised in Afghanistan, Iran or Pakistan, with Farsi and Urdu influence assessed.

• Dari LADO

  Dari LADO focused on Afghan regional speech, Iranian Farsi contrast and the official vocabulary of Afghan documents.

• Edo (Bini) LADO

  Edo (Bini) LADO for people from Benin City and Edo State, with Nigerian Pidgin and English considered alongside Edo.

• Eritrea: LADO and nationality

  Tigrinya and Amharic LADO with nationality assessment for claimed Eritreans, including Eritreans raised in Ethiopia.

• Georgian LADO

  Georgian LADO reports covering regional dialects, Mingrelian and Svan backgrounds and Georgian communities in Turkey or Iran.

• Ghanaian Pidgin LADO

  LADO for speakers of Ghanaian Pidgin, weighing it against Nigerian Pidgin and drawing on Twi and Ghanaian English.

• Gulf Arabic LADO

  Khaleeji LADO comparing Kuwaiti, Bahraini, Qatari, Emirati and Eastern Province speech with neighbouring varieties.

• Hassaniya Arabic LADO

  Hassaniya LADO for Mauritania, Western Sahara and the wider Sahara, by analysts who know Klam el-Bidhan.

• Kibajuni (Bajuni) LADO

  Bajuni language analysis that tests Kibajuni speech from the southern Somali coast against Kenyan and Tanzanian Swahili.

• Kpelle LADO

  Kpelle language analysis that weighs Liberian against Guinean speech, including Liberian English, French and Maninka influence.

• Kurdish Badini LADO

  Badini LADO for the Duhok governorate, weighing Iraqi Badinan against Kurmanji speech across the Turkish and Syrian borders.

• Kurdish Kurmanji LADO

  Kurmanji LADO across Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran, using accent, vocabulary and contact languages to assess origin.

• Kurdish LADO

  Kurdish LADO that starts by identifying the variety: Kurmanji, Badini, Sorani, Southern Kurdish and neighbouring forms.

• Kurdish Sorani LADO

  Sorani LADO that separates Iraqi and Iranian Central Kurdish, from Erbil and Sulaymaniyah to Sanandaj and Mahabad.

• Kuwaiti Bidoon LADO

  Gulf Arabic LADO and nationality assessment for stateless Kuwaiti Bidoon whose Kuwaiti origin is disputed against Iraq.

• Levantine Arabic LADO

  Levantine Arabic LADO for Syrian and Palestinian claimants: Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, Palestinian communities and refugee camps.

• Lingala LADO

  Lingala LADO weighing Kinshasa and Brazzaville speech, French borrowing, urban slang and the speaker's other Congolese languages.

• Maghrebi Arabic LADO

  Darija LADO that separates Moroccan, Algerian, Tunisian and Libyan speech and reads French and Amazigh influence.

• Mandinka LADO

  Mandinka LADO placing speech in The Gambia, Casamance or Guinea-Bissau and separating it from Bambara, Maninka and Dyula.

• Nigerian Pidgin LADO

  Naija LADO separating Nigerian Pidgin from Cameroonian Pidgin and Krio, and Lagos from Niger Delta speech.

• Oromo LADO

  Oromo LADO that places speech in West Central, Eastern or Borana areas and weighs Ethiopia against Kenya.

• Palestinian Arabic LADO

  Palestinian Arabic LADO for urban, rural and Bedouin speech, compared with Jordanian and northern Levantine forms.

• Pashto (Afghanistan) LADO

  Pashto (Afghanistan) LADO weighing southern and northern speech and Dari or Urdu influence, with Pakistan as the main alternative.

• Pashto (Pakistan) LADO

  LADO for Pakhto speakers from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, northern Balochistan and Karachi, including Urdu contact and Pakistani schooling.

• Pulaar (Fulfulde) LADO

  Fula LADO distinguishing Pulaar, Pular and Fulfulde varieties from Senegal and Guinea to Nigeria and Cameroon.

• Punjabi LADO

  Punjabi LADO separating Indian and Pakistani Punjab, Majhi, Doabi and Malwai from Pothwari and Mirpuri speech.

• Rohingya LADO

  Rohingya LADO distinguishing northern Rakhine State speech from Chittagonian, with camp and migration history considered.

• Russian LADO

  Russian LADO that looks beyond the standard language to local vocabulary and the first language beneath a speaker's Russian.

• Somali LADO

  Somali LADO that tells Northern, Benadir and Maay speech apart and weighs time spent in Kenya, Ethiopia or Djibouti.

• Sudanese and Darfur LADO

  LADO for Sudanese Arabic and the Darfur languages Fur, Zaghawa and Masalit, weighing Sudan against eastern Chad.

• Sylheti LADO

  Sylheti LADO for speakers from the Sylhet Division and India's Barak Valley, analysed apart from standard Bengali.

• Tibetan nationality assessment

  Nationality assessment for claimed Tibetans, supported by LADO: raised in Tibet, or in exile communities in Nepal or India?

• Tigrinya LADO

  Tigrinya LADO that tests whether speech was formed in Eritrea or in Tigray, with loanwords and second languages examined.

• Turkmen LADO

  Turkmen LADO comparing Teke-based standard speech with Yomut, Ersari and the Farsi-influenced Turkmen of Iran and Afghanistan.

• Urdu LADO

  Urdu LADO that looks beyond the national language to the first language, region and schooling a speaker's Urdu reveals.

• Uyghur LADO

  Uyghur LADO covering the dialects of Xinjiang and the Central Asian communities, handled in full confidence.

• Uzbek LADO

  Uzbek LADO telling Northern Uzbek of Uzbekistan from Afghan Southern Uzbek, with Russian, Tajik and Dari contact assessed.

• Wolof LADO

  Wolof LADO that weighs Senegalese against Gambian speech, French against English loanwords, and Dakar urban Wolof.

• Yemeni Arabic LADO

  Yemeni Arabic LADO across Sanaani, Taizzi-Adeni, Hadrami and Tihami speech, with Gulf and Saudi forms as comparisons.

By location

• LADO in Norway

  LADO for Norwegian lawyers, organisations and public bodies, with English reports and certified Norwegian translation on request.

• LADO in Scotland

  LADO for Scottish solicitors, advocates and charities, from legal aid asylum work to expert evidence at tribunal hearings.